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The LPI 702-100 exam is a valuable certification for IT professionals who work with BSD operating systems. Linux Professional Institute BSD Installation and Software Management 702 certification validates the candidate's knowledge and skills in BSD installation and software management, providing them with a competitive edge in the job market. Additionally, this certification demonstrates the candidate's commitment to professional development and their desire to stay up-to-date with the latest technology trends.
NEW QUESTION # 14
Which command sends the contents of the file myconfigfile by email to me@mycompany. com?
- A. mail [email protected] I cat myconfigfile
- B. cat myconfigfile > [email protected]
- C. mail [email protected] > cat myconfigfile
- D. mail myconfigfile -r [email protected]
- E. cat myconfigfile I mail [email protected]
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
The cat command is used to concatenate and display files. The mail command is used to send and receive mail messages. The pipe symbol (I) is used to redirect the output of one command to the input of another command.
Therefore, the command cat myconfigfile I mail [email protected] sends the contents of the file myconfigfile by email to [email protected]. The cat command reads the file and displays its contents to the standard output, which is then piped to the mail command, which reads the standard input and sends it as a mail message to the specified address. The mail command also prompts the user to enter a subject line and optionally some additional headers for the message. Alternatively, the subject line can be specified by the -s option of the mail command. For example, the command cat myconfigfile I mail -s "My config file" [email protected] sends the same message with the subject "My config file". References:
[cat - FreeBSD], the manual page for the cat command on FreeBSD.
[mail - FreeBSD], the manual page for the mail command on FreeBSD.
[How to send email from the Linux command line - LinuxConfig.org], a tutorial on how to use the mail command and other email clients on Linux.
NEW QUESTION # 15
What FreeBSD and NetBSD command manages services started at boot time? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer:
Explanation:
sysrc
Explanation
The sysrc command is used in FreeBSD and NetBSD to manage system-wide daemon and service settings, including those that are started at boot time. It allows administrators to safely edit system rc files, such as /etc/rc.conf, where services to be started at boot time are specified1.
References:
FreeBSD Handbook - rc.conf
FreeBSD Man Pages - sysrc
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which of the following programs can be used to enumerate all responsive hosts on a subnet?
- A. rtso1
- B. traceroute
- C. netstat
- D. nmap
- E. route
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Nmap is a program that can be used to enumerate all responsive hosts on a subnet. Nmap stands for Network Mapper, and it is a tool that can perform network discovery, port scanning, service detection, vulnerability assessment, and more. Nmap can send different types of packets to probe the hosts on a subnet and determine which ones are alive and what services they are running. Nmap can also perform OS fingerprinting, which can identify the operating system of the target hosts. Nmap has many options and features that can customize the scan according to the user's needs and preferences. The other programs are not suitable for enumerating all responsive hosts on a subnet, because:
A: traceroute: This program is used to trace the route of packets from the source host to the destination host. It can show the intermediate hops and the latency of each hop. However, it cannot show all the hosts on a subnet, only the ones that are on the path to the destination.
B: netstat: This program is used to display the status of network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, and more. It can show the local and remote addresses and ports of the active connections, but it cannot show all the hosts on a subnet, only the ones that are connected to the local host.
D: rtso1: This is not a valid program name, but it may be a typo for rtso, which is a program that can perform TCP SYN scanning. However, this program is not as versatile and powerful as nmap, and it can only scan TCP ports, not UDP or other protocols.
E: route: This program is used to manipulate the routing table, which is used to determine the next hop for a packet based on its destination address. It can show the destination, gateway, interface, and flags of each route, but it cannot show all the hosts on a subnet, only the ones that are reachable via a specific gateway. References: 6: https://nmap.org/book/man.html 7:
https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=traceroute&sektion=8 :
https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=netstat&sektion=1 :
https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=rtso&sektion=1 :
https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=route&sektion=8
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which command locks the user account bob on a FreeBSD system?
- A. vipw lock bob
- B. usermod lock bob
- C. lockuser bob
- D. audit_user -1 bob
- E. pw lock bob
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
The pw utility is a command-line utility for the FreeBSD system user and group files, allowing the superuser an easy way of adding, modifying and removing users and groups. To lock a user account on a FreeBSD system, the pw lock command can be used with the username as an argument. This will prevent the user from logging in orchanging their password. To unlock a user account, the pw unlock command can be used with the username as an argument. This will restore the user's access to the system. References:
FreeBSD locking an account - nixCraft
FreeBSD: How To Add, Delete Or Modify Users
How to: FreeBSD User Administration - Atlantic.Net
NEW QUESTION # 18
What option of uname displays the version of the running operating system'? (Specify ONLY the option name without any values or parameters.)
Answer:
Explanation:
-v
Explanation
In FreeBSD, theunamecommand is used to display system information. The option-vspecifically displays the version of the running operating system. This information is critical for system administrators and users who need to know the exact version of the OS they are working with, particularly when troubleshooting, updating, or configuring the system for specific software requirements.
https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=uname&sektion=1&format=html
The -v or --version option of the uname command displays the version level of the operating system. This is a string that identifies the release date and patch level of the system. For example, on FreeBSD, the output would be something like:
FreeBSD 13.0-RELEASE-p4 #0: Tue Aug 24 07:12:34 UTC 2021
This indicates that the system is running FreeBSD 13.0, with the fourth patch applied, and that the kernel was built on August 24, 2021. The version level can be useful to determine the compatibility and security of the system, as well as to report bugs or issues.
NEW QUESTION # 19
When creating a symbolic link, an error message indicating that the target already exists is displayed. Which statement is true?
- A. In can override the target, but only if it is a file.
- B. In can not override an existing target so the target must be manually removed
- C. In can override the target, whether it is a file or a directory.
- D. In can not override an existing symbolic link.
- E. In can override the target, but only if it is a directory
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
A symbolic link, or symlink, is a special type of file that points to another file or directory on the file system1.
When creating a symbolic link with the ln command, the syntax is as follows:
ln -s target link
where target is the file or directory to link to, and link is the name of the symbolic link2. If the link name already exists, the ln command will fail and display an error message indicating that the target already exists3. This is because the ln command does not overwrite existing files or directories by default4. Therefore, the only way to create a symbolic link with the same name as an existing file or directory is to manually remove the existing target first, and then run the ln command again. Alternatively, the ln command can be used with the -f (force) option, which will remove the existing target and create the symbolic link in one step4.
However, this option is not mentioned in the question, so the correct answer is A.
References: 1: How to Create Symbolic Links in Linux [Complete Guide] - Linux Handbook 2: Ln Command in Linux (Create Symbolic Links) | Linuxize 3: How to Create and Use Symbolic Links (aka Symlinks) on Linux - How-To Geek 4: Symbolic Links in Unix/Linux - Stack Abuse
NEW QUESTION # 20
What is the name of the NetBSD installation program?
- A. anaconda
- B. sysinsta11
- C. bsd.rd
- D. sysinst
- E. nbinsta11
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The name of the NetBSD installation program is sysinst. It is the standard installer used by NetBSD for setting up the system on a new machine. The sysinst program guides users through the installation process, including disk partitioning, package selection, and system configuration45.
References:
NetBSD Guide - Example installation
NetBSD Guide - Installing NetBSD: Preliminary considerations and preparations
NEW QUESTION # 21
What file contains values for MIBs which are set during system startup? (Specify the full name of the file, including path.)
Answer:
Explanation:
/etc/rc.conf
Explanation
The file /etc/rc.conf contains values for Management Information Bases (MIBs) which are set during system startup. This file is used to configure system-wide settings, including the enabling and disabling of services, network settings, and other startup configurations2.
References:
FreeBSD Handbook - The FreeBSD Booting Process
NEW QUESTION # 22
What is the purpose of the file /boot/loader. conf on OpenBSD?
- A. Specify options for starting operating systems other than BSD.
- B. Specify which system services to start.
- C. Specify the kernel image to load.
- D. Specify where to install the bootloader.
- E. Specify kernel configuration options.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The file /boot/loader.conf on OpenBSD is used to specify the kernel image that the bootloader should load.
This file contains various settings that can be used to control the boot process, including kernel parameters and device driver options.
References:
boot(8) - OpenBSD manual pages
NEW QUESTION # 23
Which of the following tar options handle compression'? (Choose TWO correct answers)
- A. -x
- B. -z
- C. -v
- D. -J
- E. -c
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Explanation
The tar command is used to create or extract compressed archive files on BSD systems. It can handle various compression formats, such as gzip, bzip2, xz, and lzma. The tar command takes different options to specify the compression type, such as -z for gzip, -j for bzip2, -J for xz, and -Z for lzma. The other options are not related to compression, but to other functions of the tar command, such as -x for extracting, -c for creating, and -v for verbose output. References:
[tar(1) - OpenBSD manual pages]
[FreeBSD Handbook - Chapter 3. Unix Basics]
[FreeBSD Handbook - Chapter 18. Storage]
NEW QUESTION # 24
What symbol is used in the vi editor to start the forward search for a string? (Specify ONLY the single character symbol without any parameters)
Answer:
Explanation:
/
Explanation
The symbol / is used in the vi editor to start the forward search for a string. It is followed by the string to be searched and then Enter to execute the search. The vi editor highlights the first occurrence of the string after the cursor position. To find the next occurrence of the string in the same direction, press n. To find the previous occurrence of the string in the opposite direction, press N. References:
How to Search to Find a Word in Vim or Vi Text Editor
How can I switch from forward to backward search in Vim?
How To Search in VI Editor
How to Search in Vim / Vi
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which line in a cron job runs myscript once per hour?
- A. * * o * * /pathto/myscript
- B. ***** /pathto/myscript
- C. 0 * * * * /pathto/myscript
- D. * 0 * * * /pathto/myscript
- E. * * * o * /pathto/myscript
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The cron job syntax consists of five fields that specify the time and date of execution, followed by the command or script to run. The fields are: minute, hour, day of month, month, and day of week. Each field can have a specific value, a range, a list, a wildcard (), or a step value. The wildcard () means any possible value for that field. The option B sets the minute field to 0 and the hour field to *, which means the script will run at the 0th minute of every hour, regardless of the day, month, or weekday. This is equivalent to once per hour.
The other options are either invalid syntax or do not match the desired frequency. For example, option A sets all fields to *, which means the script will run every minute of every hour of every day, month, and weekday.
Option C sets the minute field to * and the hour field to 0, which means the script will run every minute of the
0th hour, or once per day at midnight. Option D has a typo (o instead of *) and option E sets the day of month field to o, which is not a valid value. References:
crontab - FreeBSD crontab(5) Manual Page1
Crontab Explained in Linux [With Examples] - Linux Handbook2
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which of the following features are provided by the command date'? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
- A. It changes the system's timezone.
- B. It displays a calendar
- C. It sends NTP queries
- D. It sets the clock to a specific time
- E. It outputs the time in a specific format
Answer: D,E
Explanation:
Explanation
The date command in BSD systems provides the following features:
It outputs the time in a specific format. The date command can display the current date and time in various formats, depending on the options and arguments given. For example, the command date
+%Y-%m-%d will output the date in the format of year-month-day, such as 2023-04-30. The command date +%T will output the time in the format of hour:minute:second, such as 22:51:42. The command date +%A will output the full name of the weekday, such as Thursday. The date command supports many formatting characters that can be used to customize the output. For a full list of formatting characters, see the date(1) manual page1.
It sets the clock to a specific time. The date command can also be used to set the system date and time, if the user has the appropriate privileges. For example, the command date 0430225123 will set the date and time to April 30, 2023, 22:51:42. The command date -u 0430225123 will set the date and time to the same value, but in UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) instead of the local time zone. The command date -n will set the date and time to the current network time, using the ntpd(8) daemon1.
The date command does not provide the following features:
It does not display a calendar. The date command only displays the date and time, not a calendar. To display a calendar, the cal(1) or ncal(1) commands can be used instead. For example, the command cal 4
2023 will display the calendar for April 2023. The command ncal -w 2023 will display the calendar for the whole year 2023, with week numbers23.
It does not send NTP queries. The date command does not send any network requests or queries to NTP (Network Time Protocol) servers. To synchronize the system clock with NTP servers, the ntpd(8) daemon or the ntpdate(8) utility can be used instead. For example, the command ntpd -q will query one or more NTP servers and adjust the system clock accordingly. The command ntpdate pool.ntp.org will set the date and time to the value returned by the NTP server pool.ntp.org45.
It does not change the system's timezone. The date command does not change the system's timezone setting, only the date and time values. To change the system's timezone, the tzsetup(8) utility or the ln(1) command can be used instead. For example, the command tzsetup will run an interactive program that allows the user to select a timezone from a list of regions and cities. Thecommand ln -sf
/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris /etc/localtime will create a symbolic link from the file /etc/localtime to the file /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris, which contains the timezone information for Paris, France .
References:
date(1) - FreeBSD
cal(1) - FreeBSD
ncal(1) - FreeBSD
ntpd(8) - FreeBSD
ntpdate(8) - FreeBSD
[tzsetup(8) - FreeBSD]
[ln(1) - FreeBSD]
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which command can be used to display the local filesystems that are currently mounted'?
- A. df -h C du -s
- B. cat /etc/fstab
- C. mount -a
- D. rpcinfo
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The command df -h displays the disk space usage of all mounted filesystems in a human-readable format. It shows the size, used, available, and percentage of each filesystem, as well as the mount point. This command can be used to check the local filesystems that are currently mounted.
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/24182/how-to-get-the-complete-and-exact-list-of-mounted-filesystems
https://www.tecmint.com/find-mounted-file-systems-in-linux/
https://itslinuxfoss.com/check-filesystem-mounted-linux/
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which configuration file defines the order of the name resolution methods used on a NetBSD system'?
- A. /etc/named
- B. /etc/hosts
- C. /etc/rc.conf
- D. /etc/resolv.conf
- E. /etc/nsswitch.conf
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
The /etc/nsswitch.conf file defines the order of the name resolution methods used on a NetBSD system. It specifies the sources and their priority for various databases, such as hosts, services, protocols, etc. The sources can be files, DNS, NIS, or other services. For example, the following line in /etc/nsswitch.conf indicates that the hosts database should be looked up first in the /etc/hosts file, then in the DNS server, and finally in the NIS server:
hosts: files dns nis
References:
nsswitch.conf(5) - NetBSD Manual Pages
Chapter 23. The NetBSD Network Configuration Files
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which command shows the current user's group memberships?
- A. groups
- B. who
- C. group
- D. ident
- E. showuser
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The groups command is used to show the current user's group memberships on BSD systems. The command prints the names of the primary and secondary groups that the user belongs to, separated by spaces. The primary group is the one that is assigned to new files and directories created by the user. The secondary groups are the ones that grant additional permissions or access to the user. For example, the output of groups for a user named alice might look like this:
alice wheel staff
This means that alice's primary group is alice, and her secondary groups are wheel and staff. The wheel group is typically used for granting administrative privileges, such as using the su or sudo commands. The staff group might be used for granting access to certain resources or directories that are shared by a group of users.
The other options are either invalid commands or do not show the user's group memberships. For example, group is not a valid command, ident is used to query an ident protocol server, showuser is not a valid command, and who is used to show who is logged on the system.
References:
groups - FreeBSD groups(1) Manual Page1
Group Management - FreeBSD Handbook2
NEW QUESTION # 30
Which of the following commands is used to set the FreeBSD security level?
- A. security
- B. secleve1
- C. sysct1
- D. slct1
- E. setleve1
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The sysctl command is used to set and get kernel state variables, including the FreeBSD security level. The security level is a variable named kern.securelevel, which can have values from -1 to 3, with higher values indicating more restrictions. The security level can only be increased, not decreased, unless the system is rebooted or in single-user mode. The security level affects various operations, such as loading kernel modules, changing immutable flags on files, and modifying device nodes12 References: 1:
https://docs.freebsd.org/en/books/handbook/security/#security-basics-securelevels 2:
https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sysctl&sektion=8
NEW QUESTION # 31
Which FreeBSD command updates packages to newer versions'?
- A. pkg audit
- B. pkg pull
- C. pkg refresh
- D. pkg update
- E. pkg upgrade
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
The command pkg upgrade is used to update FreeBSD packages to newer versions. It compares the versions of installed packages with those in the repositories and performs upgrades as necessary. The pkg update command is used to update the repository catalog, but it does not perform the actual package upgrades1.
References:
FreeBSD Handbook - Packages and Ports
NEW QUESTION # 32
Which of the following commands installs binary packages on OpenBSD?
- A. pkg_add
- B. port add
- C. portinst
- D. pkgbin
- E. pkg install
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The command pkg_add is used to install binary packages on OpenBSD systems. It is a utility for installing and upgrading software packages from binary files. When using pkg_add, the system will fetch and install the specified package, along with any dependencies it may have123.
References:
OpenBSD manual pages - packages(7)
nixCraft - OpenBSD install or add binary software package using pkg_add
NEW QUESTION # 33
Assuming a umask of 022, what are the default permissions in octal mode of the newly created files?
- A. 022
- B. 0
- C. 1
- D. 2
- E. 3
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The umask command in BSD is used to set default permissions for files or directories the user creates1. The umask value is permissions to deny, taken off whatever permissions would be given by default2. The default permission values for files are 666 (rw-rw-rw-), meaning read and write for user, group, and others3. The umask value of 022 means that the permissions to deny are 022 (-w-w-), meaning write for group and others. To calculate the default permissions for newly created files, we need to subtractthe umask value from the default permission value, using bitwise AND operation4. For example:
666 - 022 = 644 rw-rw-rw- - -w-w- = rw-r-r-
Therefore, the default permissions for newly created files with a umask of 022 are 644 (rw-r-r-), meaning read and write for user, and read for group and others.
References: 1: Umask command in Linux with examples - GeeksforGeeks 2: Different permission between directory and file with 'umask' - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange 3: Default File Permissions (umask) - docs.oracle.com 4: What is Umask and How to Use It {Update Default Linux File Permissions} - phoenixNAP KB
NEW QUESTION # 34
Which directories contain start scripts for services on FreeBSD? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
- A. /etc/red/
- B. /usr/rc.d/
- C. /var/boot/rc.d/
- D. /usr/local/etc/rc.d/
- E. /boot/red/
Answer: B,D
Explanation:
Explanation
The directories that contain start scripts for services on FreeBSD are /usr/rc.d/ and /usr/local/etc/rc.d/. The
/usr/rc.d/ directory contains the system-provided scripts for the base system services, such as cron, sshd, syslogd, etc. The /usr/local/etc/rc.d/ directory contains the scripts for the additional services installed from ports or packages, such as apache, mysql, nginx, etc. These scripts follow the BSD rc.d framework, which allows for fine-grained control and customization of the startup process. The scripts are invoked by the main
/etc/rc script, which sources the /etc/rc.conf file for configuration options
https://docs.freebsd.org/en/articles/rc-scripting/
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which of the following commands initializes ZFS on a number of block devices?
- A. zpoo1 create
- B. zfs init
- C. zfsload -i
- D. mkfs -t zfs
- E. newzfs
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The zpool create command is used to initialize ZFS on one or more block devices and create a storage pool. A storage pool is a collection of devices that provide physical storage and data replication for ZFS datasets. The zpool create command takes the name of the pool and the devices to be added as arguments. For example, zpool create mypool c0t0d0 c0t1d0 c0t2d0 would create a pool named mypool with three devices. The other options are either invalid or do not initialize ZFS. References: 1:
https://www.comptia.org/training/books/a-core-1-220-1101-study-guide, page 302 2:
https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19253-01/819-5461/gbchx/index.html, section "Creating a ZFS Storage Pool"
NEW QUESTION # 36
Given the following listing
-rw-r-r- 1root whee115254 Nov 13 08:55 bobsfile
How can the superuser grant the user bob write permission to this file?
- A. chperm 664 bobsfile
- B. vipw -u bob bobsfile
- C. chmod +x bobsfile
- D. chown bob:bob bobsfile
- E. chgrp bob bobsfile
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The command chown changes the ownership of a file or directory. The syntax is chown user:group file, where user is the new owner and group is the new group of the file. In this case, the superuser can grant the user bob write permission to the file by changing both the owner and the group of the file to bob. This way, bob will have the same permissions as the original owner, which is read and write. Alternatively, the superuser can also use the command chmod to change the permissions of the file without changing the ownership. For example, chmod g+w bobsfile will add write permission to the group, and chmod o+w bobsfile will add write permission to others. However, these commands will also affect other users who belong to the same group or are not the owner or the group of the file. References:
FreeBSD Handbook: File and Directory Ownership
FreeBSD Handbook: File and Directory Permissions
Linux Professional Institute BSD Specialist: 702.1 Filesystem and Devices
NEW QUESTION # 37
Which command and option can be used to perform a reverse DNS lookup?
- A. dnssec -check
- B. rdns -1
- C. host -reverse
- D. nsupdate -r
- E. dig -x
Answer: E
Explanation:
Explanation
This command and option can be used to perform a reverse DNS lookup, which is the process of finding the domain name or hostname associated with an IP address. The dig command is a tool that can query DNS servers for various types of records, such as A, MX, NS, PTR, etc. The -x option tells dig to perform a reverse DNS lookup by sending a PTR query to the DNS server. For example, to perform a reverse DNS lookup for the IP address 8.8.8.8, the following command can be used:
dig -x 8.8.8.8
The output of this command will show the PTR record for 8.8.8.8, which is dns.google. This means that the hostname for 8.8.8.8 is dns.google. Reverse DNS lookups are useful for verifying the identity of a host, checking for mail server configuration, or troubleshooting network problems
NEW QUESTION # 38
......
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